Objective: we measured concept of bridging social capital by a new tool. All items used in the scale are in agreement with the theoretical literature on this concept.Method: The research method was survey. The sample population was 376 students of Isfahan university which were sampled through cluster sampling of multiple stages. After making a list and confirming the validity of questions by professors of social work and sociology, its reliability was confirmed through cronbach alpha coefficient. Findings: bridging social capital must be measured in three different dimensions: Different Interests, Different Lifestyle, and out groups.Results: Our scale is not only highly reliable, but also valid.

Introduction: social capital is theresult of interactions among humans, organizations and institutions basedon trust, empathy and norms that facilitatedby social participation andcooperation for resulting to commoninterest. social capital is the sum ofresources that accrue to an individualor a group by possessing a durablenetwork of more or less institutionalizedrelationships of mutual acquaintanceand recognition. This constructis discussed and analyzed in differentmacro, middle and micro levels. ...

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Moving from micro-level of social capital to the macro level is essential for access to the stable benefits of this capital. The aim of this study was to design a model for the promotion of bridging social capital of football fans. This developmental research was done with Mix Methods. 14 experts were interviewed in targeted way and effective categories and sub categories on promotion of bridging social capital were obtained by thematic analysis. By converting the categories of the qualitative phase, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability by using Cronbach's alpha was 0. 82. 359 fans of the Premier League complete the questionnaire in random. For analyze the quantitative data AMOS 23 used for Second order confirmatory factor analysis. The result showed the promotion of bridging social capital of football fans by five factors Perception of Justice, building fans Identity, Strengthening social cohesion, Media Polices and Professional training of Player and 18 Sub dimension is accessible.

This article employs a combination of direct observation method, online survey and Focus Group Discussion techniques in order to study how social capital takes shape among youth Facebook users in Iran. This article, will also, attempt to answer the question of whether the social capital that takes its roots from interaction between Facebook users and friends' circles, will also reflect on the social relations of the users in the real world Here, we are planning to combine Fukuyama's, Coleman's, Putnam's, Walther's and Hew's theories to offer a theoretical framework that can better explain the above question. We will then contrast this theoretical package against the empirical data in order to evaluate its explanatory capabilities. We will, then, apply a deductive mode of reasoning in order to test the hypothesis on socially usefulness of a social capital that is formed between Facebook users and friends' circles. Our data gathering technique include both online and offline surveys questionnaires that were distributed between 2010 samples in 2011. The paper claims that facebook has a structural capability to form Fukuyama's overlapping layers and Coleman's closure relations. Formation of the mechanism of the layers gives rise to strengthening of weak ties and to expansion of social relations of the individuals. Here, we take bonding social capital to mean a type of social capital that strengthens already affectionate feelings. And, we take bridging social capital to mean a social capital that strengthens those social relations that are unstable and weak. We claim that, as the amount of Facebook-use increases among users the bridging social capital of the users will also increase. Our research results indicate that the above claim is also supported by experimental evidence. This means being a Facebook user strengthens unstable and weak relations.

The purpose of this research was to assess the association between bridging social capital and anxiety stigma with social anxiety students. This research was a correlation study. Statistical sample of this study includes 200 students of Payame Noor University that have been selected by cluster sampling and in several phases. The instruments used in this study were the social Phobia Inventory (Connor, Davidson, Churchil, Sherwood, Foa & Weisler, 2001), Generalized Anxiety Stigma Scale (Griffiths, Batterham, Lisa & Parsons, 2011), and bridging social capital Scale (Adibisadeh, Yazdkhastiy, Rabanieh khorasgani & Lotfizadeh, 2009). The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that is positive relationship between subscale personal stigma and subscales perceived stigma anxiety illness. But the relationship between bridging social capital with social anxiety is negative and significant at the level of (0.05). So the results of multi-variable correlation coefficient with input method showed that the strongest variables in predicting social anxiety capital among of students are the subscale personal stigma, subscales perceived stigma anxiety illness and bridging social capital. There is a negative relationship between perceived stigma anxiety illness and bridging social but relation personal stigma anxiety illness with perceived stigma anxiety illness anxiety disorders is positive and significantly at the level of (0.05). Therefore, eliminating anxiety stigma and training bridging social capital should be considered as part of the intervention in social anxiety.

social capital and its role in economic practice have remarkably attracted economists all around the world. Despite of lots of studies around the topic, this field of study did not find a synthesis over the concept of social capital. However, this is the correlation of social capital with economic growth which is in the focus of attention in this research paper. What is the concept of social capital and how does it affects economic growth are two questions which this research paper is intended to find answers for them. Therefore, two types of social capital are considered here; bonding and bridging social capital. Based on models of economic growth and applying data related to Iranian values, attitudes and Iran's cultural behaviors, the impact of these two variables on economic growth of 28 provinces of Iran through 2000 - 2003 has been evaluated. Applying OLS in this research, it shows that there is an inverse relationship between bonding and bridging social capital. While bridging social capital has found positive and remarkable effect on economic growth, bonding social capital meet supposed indices with both positive and negative effect on economic growth.